It’s said that there’s no food in Hakka cuisine that can’t be niang (酿, niàng)—stuffed with meat, then braised or steamed. The classic Hakka cooking method was allegedly derived from the itinerant people’s love of jiaozi. However, there was no flour available for making these traditional northern dumplings once the Hakka migrated to southern China.

Instead, they made do by stuffing other things: Today, tofu, eggplant, and bitter melon are the three most niang-ed dishes in Hakka cuisine, and stuffed bitter melon, or niang kugua (酿苦瓜), is particularly renowned for its medicinal properties and refreshing taste in the summer.

It’s also the toughest to get excited about, as the singular flavor of kugua makes it a deeply divisive dish. Bitter melon was first recorded in Jiuhuang Bencao (《救荒本草》), a 15th century manual on herbs and foods to eat during a famine. It was believed to have been brought to China from Southeast Asia in the early Ming dynasty—specifically, some legends say, by naval explorer Zheng He.

Different varieties of the melon had different names, most related to their wrinkled appearance—lai putao (癞葡萄, “scabby grape”), jin lizhi (锦荔枝, “beautiful lychee”) and laigua (癞瓜, “scabby gourd”)—but the best-known is lianggua (凉瓜, “cool gourd”) for the melon’s classification as a “cool” food within Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).

In Diannan Bencao (《滇南本草》), a Ming TCM almanac, bitter melon is recommended for “clearing the pathogenic heat…[and] relieving summer heat, tension and thirst,” among other functions. Once only grown in the mild regions of the south  for harvest between July and October, bitter melon is now consumed year-round all over China once it’s turned green or slightly yellow.

Niang kugua is popular in major Hakka settlement regions—Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, and Fujian—as well as Hunan and Sichuan provinces. The fiber and protein-rich melon is also called junzi cai (君子菜, “noble food”) since, ideally, the melon does not transfer its bitterness, but gives the other ingredients a fresher aroma and flavor. However, those who follow TCM guidelines on “hot” and “cool” foods should avoid eating too much kugua at one sitting, especially if they suffer from a yang deficiency.

Some recipes recommend curing the melon with salt, or blanching it in water, to alleviate the bitter taste before cooking. Others find this a sacrilege. As journalist and writer Li Junwei comments in his essay “Eating Bitter Melon,” taking any steps to eliminate the bitterness is like “buying the box and discarding the pearls.”

Ingredients:

500g bitter melon 苦瓜
300g streaky pork 五花肉
1 tsp water starch 水淀粉
2 stalks of leek 葱
1 tsp soy sauce 酱油
1 tsp water 水
1/2 tsp salt 盐

Steps:

1. Cut a clean bitter melon into 3-to-5 cm segments, removing the pulp and seeds from the core
2. Boil the segments in water for two minutes, then remove and drip-dry
3. Clean and chop the pork and leeks finely, then mix evenly with salt and soy sauce to make the stuffing
4. Fill the hollowed melon segments with the stuffing; press the stuffing in tight with a spoon
5. Steam the stuffed melon on a plate for 40 minutes over high heat
6. Pour broth collected on the plate into a wok, adding starch and water, then boil into a sauce
7. Drizzle sauce over melon and serve

Image from VCG